![]() Countering this concern are those who maintain that the Constitution does not provide an exclusive itemization of fundamental rights and liberties, and the principles of free government are served better when courts use reasoned judgment to identify other incidents of liberty. These results were driven by interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause to establish economic rights that, although not enumerated, became the basis for blunting regulatory initiative in the workplace and other settings. Advocates of judicial restraint typically point to the barriers imposed by the Court to economic and social reform, including New Deal initiatives, during the first part of the twentieth century. ![]() Because judges have no direct electoral accountability to the people, the concern is that they undermine the will of the people when deciding without a clear constitutional charge. Critics of this model note that federal judges are appointed with lifetime tenure. Decisions resting on a right or liberty not specifically articulated by the Constitution typically are characterized as activist. Debate on this point largely has focused upon whether the judiciary may invoke only those rights and liberties specifically enumerated in the Constitution, as a basis for declaring government action unconstitutional, or may identify other guarantees as fundamental. Although the Court had power to review the output of the political branches, it did not define boundaries on what limits the judiciary could set on legislative and executive power. Judicial supremacy in interpreting the Constitution was established two centuries ago in the benchmark case of Marbury v. Used to date stone and plant fibers that were created in the relatively recent past by human activities.Fourteenth Amendment: Right of Privacy/Liberty Interests Carbon 14 dating a way of determining the age of certain archeological artifacts of a biological origin up to about 50,000 years old. Hadean Eon Greek called this "Hades" or the underground place where the dead lives. Archean Eon The oldest eon of Earth's history. Proterozoic Eon Greek for "beginning life". Phanerozoic Eon Greek for "visible life". radioactive decay is the spontaneous nuclear change of isotopes with unstable nuclei. isotopes atoms of the same elements, that have different number of neutrons but the same number of protons. isotopic dating Determining the age of a rock or mineral through it's radioactive elements and decay products (previously and somewhat inaccurately called "radiometric" or "radioactive" dating". Quaternary Period the youngest geological period includes the present time. period Each era of the standard geological time scale is subdivided into periods. Pleistocene Epoch An epoch of the Quaternary Period categorized by several glacial ages. The youngest epoch, which began around 10,000 years ago and is continuing presently. Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period.) Holocene Epoch we live in, meaning "recent". epoch Each period of the standard geological time scale is divided into epochs (e.g. Precambrian Era The vast amount of time before the Paleozoic Era. Paleozoic Era meaning "old life", the era that followed the Precambrian and began with the appearance of complex life forms, as indicated by by fossils. Mesozoic Era meaning "middle life", The era that followed the Paleozoic Era and before the Cenozoic Era. The most recent of the eras following the Mesozoic. Mesozoic Era) Cenozoic Era meaning "new life". ![]() era Major subdivision of the standard geological time scale (e.g. standard geological time scale a worldwide relative scale of geological time divisions. index fossil a fossil from a very short-lived, geographically species known to exist during a specific period of geological time. Fossils in older rock show increasingly greater differences from species living at present. faunal succession rock layers have a unique set of fossil animal and plant remains which can be used to determine the relative ages of rock layers. superposition A principle of law stating that within a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, that the oldest layers are on the bottom and the youngest are on the top. physical continuity being able to physically follow a rock unit between two places. half-life The time it takes for a given amount of radioactive isotope to be reduced by one-half. ![]() correlation determining time equivalency of rock units. ![]() disconformity when part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing inclusion states that fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock. uniformitarianism is the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past. unconformity is a surface (or contact) that represents an above "gap in the geologic record" with the rock unit immediately above the contact. Cross-cutting relationship states that a disrupted pattern is older than the cause of disruption. ![]()
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